HISTORY FORM 2-TOPIC 2

SOCIAL-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND PRODUCTION IN PRE-COLONIAL AFRICA

Social Organisation and Production

Economic production in the pre colonial Africa can only be analysed when we look into modes of production in the pre colonial African society. This consists of the productive forces and relations of production. Examples of modes of production existed in the pre colonial African societies were communal mode of production, feudal modal of production and slave mode of production.

The Meaning of Social Organisation and Production

Explain the meaning of social organization and production

Social organization

Can be defined as the mode of production existing in a given place at a given period of time. Modes of production involve productive forces that are human labour, instrument of labour, economic activities and objects of labour and production.

Types of Social Organizations and Production; Communalism

Mode of production

Refers to the varied ways that human being collectively produce the means of subsistence in order to survive and enhance social being.

OR

This can be referred to as a combination of productive forces and a relation of production.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Productive forces:

This is the combination of human labour, object of labour and means of labour. For instance human labour is usually applied on devices such as machines and at the end they form productive forces.

Human labour:

Labour – is a conscious and purposeful activity of people which is directed in producing material wealth.

Types of labour

a)       Physical labour: Is when a person manipulates the environment according to his physique

b)       Mental  labour: is a type of labour in which a person uses his or her mental skills to perform any activity.

Instrument of labour(means of labour)

                These are all things or tools which assist human being in his/her process of production. They can be tractors, hoes, or any other machines which simplifies work.

Object of labour.

                This includes things subjected to human labour. Normally human labour is applied on them and they exist on either naturally or manmade. Eg land, forest etc

Relation of production

                This refers to the interactions of individuals in the process of production. It is the relations arising between or among people in the production process. It can be either friendly relations took place in communalism or exploitative one took place during slavery.

 Therefore in this topic we shall fully analyze characteristics of various mode of production in the pre colonial African societies. The followings are the modes of production existed in the pre colonial African societies.

THE MEANING AND ORIGINS OF COMMUNALISM IN AFRICA

Explain the meaning and origins of communalism in Africa

COMMUNAL MODE OF PRODUCTION

This was the first mode of production to exist in human history (pre colonial African societies) characterized with the communal ownership of the major means of production. It was divided into two namely:

                Primitive communalism The first mode of production through which all societies passed was primitive communalism. It is called "primitive‟ because of the low level of productive forces and "communalism‟ because there was no exploitation of man by man. This mode of production existed for much longer period than any other mode as it ranged from the emergence of man more than one million years ago.

                Advanced communalism During that era man advanced in his tools through various discoveries like iron tools. It is because of this technological advancement that is why it came to be known as advancement communalism.

CHARACTERISTICS OF PRIMITIVE COMMUNALISM

Low level of production:With crude tools like stone and little knowledge, man hardly mastered his surroundings. He managed to get basic needs such as food, clothes and shelter. Due to low level of development in science and technology people produced food for their day to day use; hence there was no surplus of production.

Collective ownership: Members of the community jointly owned the major means of production including land, tools and animals. The clan leader headed the members of the clan. However, communal societies were not stratified as a result all commodities produced were shared equally for there was no exploitation.

Absence of specialisation:People were obliged to do all the jobs including making tools, hunting, looking for foods, preparing shelters and clothes. The division of labour was based on gender and age, men hunted and collected food while women were responsible for cooking, taking care of the young, sick and old people.

Full democracy: All decision making was arrived at by all adult members of the group regardless of their gender.

Generally, people lived together according to blood relations in small groups by tracing their origin from the same ancestor. Each group was separated from the other by large tracts of land.

TRANSITION FROM PRIMITIVE COMMUNALISM TO ADVANCED COMMUNALISM

During primitive communalism all the time man largely depended on nature so as to increase his labour productivity.

Domestication of animal and plants or emergence of Neolithic revolution in the late age of the Stone Age; this was the greatest revolution made so far for the first time by man.

Development of permanent settlement: Even with nomadic pastoralist or shifting cultivation the area of operation became limited as the number of people increased due to the Neolithic revolution. Hence the production increased with the population following this permanent settlement was inevitable.

Advanced production of tools like hand hoes, panga, axe and other iron tools resulted from the Neolithic revolution

Land continued to belong to the community but agriculture became the major economic activity.

TRANSITION FROM ADVANCED COMMUNALISM TO FEUDALISM MODE OF PRODUCTION

African societies were not static, but they underwent transformations, which were influenced by the environment, climate and soil fertility, the growth of population and the increase of productive forces all which paved the way for a new mode of production.

Such factors caused societies' transitions from communalism to feudalism, by the 19th century some societies were practicing feudalism. However, groups such as the Tindiga of Tanzania, Khoisan of Kalahari maintained their communal mode of production.

Some societies lived in areas with good climate and fertile soils. Such societies included the Mandika and the Yoruba in the forest of savannah regions, Bunyoro, Buganda, Ankore, Toro, Tutsi, Haya, Hutu and Waha of East Africa as well as the Zulu and the Nguni in South Africa.

Reliable rainfall and fertile soils allowed the expansion of agriculture and the cultivation of permanent crops e.g. bananas in Buganda.

The cultivation of permanent crops led to the growth of permanent settlements which ensured surplus production.

The advancement of science and technology led to the discovery of iron. From iron people made strong and sharper tools than stone tools which increased the rate of production.

The growth in population led to an increase in food production and the standard of living. Population increase resulted in shortage of land and caused overcrowding this also led to the rise of highly centralised states that developed standing armies which later carried out constant raids. Shortage of land and its increase in value contribution to the development of productive forces since they were conditioned to produce everything in small areas.

Such factors threatened the communal mode of production and led to feudalism, since land was privately owned by people. This created classes of land owners and those who were landless within the community. Organisation of labour was then dictated by land controllers at the expense of the landless who worked for the land owners in order to be paid. Also, the distribution of products was not equal; as land controllers took the highest shares for themselves.

Furthermore societies underwent a transformation from communalism to feudalism systems due to the fact that some societies become strong and conquered weaker societies.

THE MEANING AND ORIGINS OF SLAVERY IN AFRICA

SLAVERY MODE OF PRODUCTION

                This was the second mode of production in human history and also the first exploitative mode of production that emerged after the development of productive forces. It based on exploitation, humiliation and oppression of slaves by the slave master.

          Slavery is a situation whereby a person is owned by another person as instrument of production and the owned person has no right of any kind. In a nutshell slavery is an act of owning and using slaves.

In pre-colonial Africa slaves were considered as personal possessions and could be inherited, given as gifts, bought or sold and were forced to work with no rewards.

In East Africa the Sambaa, Kerewe, Haya, Ngoni, Ganda, Kamba and Mijikenda owned slaves and most of the slaves were treated more or less like servants rather than property.

In some societies like Oyo, Hausa and Asante of West Africa, slaves were appointed as administrators and tax collectors

                Slavery is a system under which people are treated as property to be bought and sold, and are forced to work. Slaves can be held against their will from the time of their capture, purchase or birth and deprived of the right to leave, to refuse to work and to demand compensation

                Historically, slavery was institutionally recognized by many societies but in more recent times slavery has been outlawed in most societies continues through the practices of debt bondage, indentured servitude, serfdom, domestic servant kept in captivity, adopted children are sometimes forced to work as slaves as well as child soldiers and forced marriage.

Slavery is a condition in which one human being is owned by another. A slave was considered by law as property, or chattel, and was deprived of most rights ordinarily enjoyed by free persons.

There is no consensus on what the slave was or on how the institution of slavery should be defined. Nevertheless, there is general agreement among historians, anthropologist, economists, sociologist and others who study slavery that most of the following characteristics should be presented in order to term a person a slave. The slave was a species of property; thus he belonged to someone else.

HOW PEOPLE BECAME SLAVES

Ø  Some people were born into bondage by virtue of their parents having been slaves

Ø  Others were war captives kidnapped after intercommunity warfare

Ø  Those who violated a certain taboo/ an oaths or against a certain beheviour. E.g. in Sokoto Caliphate of North Nigeria, people became slaves for refusing to accept Islam.

Ø  Individuals who were disadvantaged e.g landless opted to become slaves, starving people or those greatly indebted would volunteer to become slaves and work for free for their masters.

ORIGIN OF SLAVERY

Slavery could have began due to either of the following reasons

Ø  The expansion of production where some people accumulated a lot of resources and created two classes of people, the rich and the poor. The rich started to enslave the poor

Ø  The emergence of trade made some selfish people want to enslave others for economic gain. E.g Coastal traders encouraged Nyamwezi to capture her neighbours and sell them into slavery.

USES SLAVES SLAVE

Ø  Slaves were used in following several activities

Ø  Slave labour generated wealth for slave owners: e.g. they increased labour force and production in agriculture

Ø  A sign of status and Prestige. The more slaves one owned, the respect one gained from other people.

Explain the features of slavery as well as the use of slaves

Characteristics of slavery mode of production

·         Existence of two classes example; slave masters and slaves

·         Low productive forces

·         Existence of political institution

·         Surplus production

·         Exploitation

·         Private ownership of major means of production

Feudalism

The Meaning and Origins of Feudalism in Africa

Explain the meaning and origins of feudalism in Africa

Feudalism

Was the third mode of production but the second in exploitation of land. Feudalism is derived from the Latin word feudum which means a piece of land; it's so because this mode of production was largely based on land as a major means of production. According to Marxist feudalism came from the womb of the slavery mode of production because it bases on exploitation of the lower class.

Features of feudalism

Feudal rent:The feudal lords exploited the peasants through the payment of rent. This was paid in kind and in labour.

Private ownership of productive forces: Thisincluded land, tools, cattle and women who were privately owned by feudal lords

Agriculture became the major economic activity: Following the discovery of iron technology productive forces were improved drastically.

A Prognostic social class:This was based on exploitation of one class i.e. feudal lords of tenants or peasants.

Direct subordination of the lower social class to the upper class of feudal lords.

Division of labour and specialisation: Basedon gender and age

Inheritance:Created as a means to determine one's position in society according to birth, it determined who became a leader and who a subject.

Improved productive forces:Especially tools applied in agriculture and military warfare, this was brought about by iron technology.

Generally, African kingdoms such as Buganda and some forest states of West Africa, used means of production centered around either land or livestock-especially cattle-peasants could use the land freely but they were required to pay rent.

How Production was Organised under Feudalism

Explain how production was organized under feudalism

Under the feudal economic system, production was organised within the kingdom; people organised their activities on the basis of extended families. Each household head was responsible for the organisation of labour in his family based on social and material requirements. Labour was organised on the basis of age, gender and specialization.

The Merits and Demerits of the System of Power Sharing under Feudalism

Assess the merits and demerits of the system of power sharing under feudalism

Merits of feudalism

·         The rich supported the poor with food during drought and famine.

·         There was peace in the state as the rich classes maintained law and order

·         The societies were highly stratified, with each class of people knowing their positionknowing their position and role

·         Everyone had a means of earning the living because the landowners gave all poor peoplein the society a piece f land to cultivate.

·         The weak people in the society were protected by the king or the rich landowners forexample among the Rwandese, the Tutsi had an obligation to protect their tenants theHutu.

Demerits of feudalism

·         The rich exploited labour force of the poor

·         Only a few people in society owned land

·         There was inequality in society between the rich and the poor

·         The peasants were forced to undertake military duties and endanger their lives for their land lords

·         It encouraged inter-community warfare as landlords fought in order to increase their land and vassals

Basic assignment

1.       Explain the term social organisation and production

2.       Identify the types of social organizations and production that existed in Africa up to the19th century

3.       What is communalism mode of production?

4.       Identify the characteristics of communalism

5.       Show examples of the societies that had communalism up to the 19th century

6.       What is slavery and slave mode of production?

7.       Explain the features of slavery in Africa

8.       Show areas where slavery was practiced in Africa

9.       What is feudalism as mode of production?

10.    Explain the characteristics of feudalism

11.    Show societies in east Africa that had feudalism up to the 19th century

12.    Explain the feudal relation (forms of feudalism) that existed in the following areas.i) Interlacustrine region of Lake Victoriaii) Indian Ocean coast of East Africa.

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